Sains Malaysiana 53(9)(2024): 3113-3123

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5309-16

Electrosynthesis of Anisotropic Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles as a Promising Antibacterial Agent using Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Leaf Extract

(Elektrosintesis Nanozarah Perak Biogen Anisotropik sebagai Agen Antibakteria yang Berpotensi menggunakan Ekstrak Daun Stachytarpheta jamaicensis)

DHONY HERMANTO^1,*, NURUL ISMILLAYLI¹, THIFFANY A. L. WIRANATASARI¹, MUDASIR MUDASIR², DWI SISWANTA², BAMBANG KUSWANDI³, SISWOYO SISWOYO⁴, SUPRAPTO SUPRAPTO⁵ & DIDIK PRASETYOKO⁵

¹Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Mataram, Jl. Majapahit 62 Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara 83125, Indonesia

²Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara BLS 21 Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

³Chemo and Biosensor Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jl. Kalimantan 37 Jember, East Java 68121, Indonesia

⁴Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Jember, Jl. Kalimantan 37 Jember, East Java 68121, Indonesia

⁵Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jl. Teknik Mesin 175 Surabaya, East Java 60111, Indonesia

Received: 11 May 2024/Accepted: 10 July 2024

Abstract

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria provide a great opportunity to use silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as potential antibiotic replacements. This work utilized Stachytarpheta jamaicensis leaf extract (SJLE)-mediated electrosynthesis of biogenic AgNPs. By using two silver rods and SJLE as the electrolysis medium, biogenic AgNP is produced through electrosynthesis. The properties of the formed AgNPs and SJLE phytochemical composition were examined. The disc diffusion method was utilized to evaluate AgNPs' antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The high amount of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins in SLJE provides biomolecules rich in -OH and carbonyl groups, allowing SLJE to have antimicrobial effects as well as act as a capping agent and bioreductor during electrosynthesis. The presence of functional groups from various phytochemicals leads to the formation of anisotropic AgNP crystals with a size of 38.22 ± 13.06 nm and high purity (95.75 ± 0.43%). Antibacterial activity tests against E. coli and S. aureus show that anisotropic biogenic AgNPs outperformed spherical AgNPs, probably due to the angular AgNPs' ease of penetration into bacterial cell walls. The characteristics of the AgNPs developed induced outstanding antibacterial efficacy against E. coli and S. aureus. Thus, SLJE-based electrosynthesis provides a synergistic synthetic design of AgNPs as antibacterial agents with several potential long-term advantages, including high purity, fast synthesis, low cost, absence of hazardous ingredients, and simplicity in scaling up.

Keywords: Anisotropic; antibacterial; biogenic AgNP; electrosynthesis; Stachytarpheta jamaicensis

Abstrak

Bakteria rintang antibiotik memberikan peluang yang baik untuk penggunaan nanozarah perak (AgNPs) yang berpotensi sebagai pengganti antibiotik. Kajian ini menggunakan ekstrak daun Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (SJLE) - pengantara elektrosintesis biogen AgNPs. Dengan menggunakan dua rod perak dan SJLE sebagai medium elektrolisis, AgNP biogen dihasilkan melalui elektrosintesis. Ciri AgNPs dan komposisi fitokimia SJLE yang terbentuk telah dikaji. Kaedah diffusi cakera digunakan untuk menilai keberkesanan antibakteria AgNPs terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Jumlah fenol, flavonoid dan tanin yang tinggi dalam SLJE menyediakan biomolekul yang kaya dengan -OH dan kumpulan karbonil, membolehkan SLJE mempunyai kesan antimikrob serta bertindak sebagai agen penghalang dan bioreduktor semasa elektrosintesis. Kehadiran kumpulan berfungsi daripada pelbagai fitokimia membawa kepada pembentukan kristal AgNP anisotropik dengan saiz 38.22 ± 13.06 nm dan ketulenan yang tinggi (95.75 ± 0.43%). Ujian aktiviti antibakteria terhadap E. coli dan S. aureus menunjukkan bahawa AgNPs biogen anisotropik melebihi AgNP sferik, disebabkan oleh AgNPS mempunyai sudut yang mudah ditembusi ke dalam dinding sel bakteria. Ciri AgNPs yang dibangunkan menyebabkan keberkesanan antibakteria yang luar biasa terhadap E. coli dan S. aureus. Oleh itu, elektrosintesis berasaskan SLJE menyediakan reka bentuk sintetik sinergistik AgNPs sebagai agen antibakteria dengan beberapa kelebihan jangka panjang yang berpotensi, termasuk kemurnian yang tinggi, sintesis yang cepat, kos yang rendah, ketiadaan bahan-bahan berbahaya dan kesederhanaan dalam skala.

Kata kunci: AgNP biogenik; anisotropik; antibakteria; elektrosintesis; Stachytarpheta jamaicensis

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*Corresponding author; email: dhony.hermanto@unram.ac.id